PPD risk factors include which combination?

• A. Increased stress only
• B. Increased stress, hormonal changes, and personal/family history
• C. Hormonal changes only
• D. Personal history only

Answer: (B)

Postpartum depression risk rises when several factors overlap: hormonal shifts after delivery, increased stress, and a personal or family history of mood disorders. The biological hormonal plunge can affect mood, while the stress of caring for a newborn and life changes adds psychological strain; a prior mood disorder in the person or a family history also increases vulnerability. Together, these elements across biological, psychological, and genetic dimensions create the strongest risk profile for PPD. Choices that include only one factor miss either the hormonal change, the stress, or the history, so they don’t fully capture the risk pattern.